Thursday, November 24, 2011

Hydrotherapeutic Spa, Part V: Far-Infrared Radiation



From the Internet paper: What is Far Infrared (FIR)?:
FIR infrared ray energy is a part of the natural light spectrum of sunlight, minus the skin damaging UV, which is why NASA spacecraft have utilized this heat. In Asia and Europe it has already revolutionized health and beauty products.

Far Infrared ray is a form of light energy form the sun. It falls within the same family of Infrared Rays in the light spectrum, but due to its longer wavelengths human eyes, just like Ultraviolet Rays, cannot see FIR. The energy is ESSENTIAL & BENEFICIAL for all human beings.

FIR has the ability to penetrate, refract, radiate & reflect. The human body can absorb FIR because of its deep penetrating ability. When FIR penetrates through the skin to the subcutaneous tissues, it transforms from light energy into heat energy. The thermal effect within the deep layers of tissues cause blood vessels in capillaries to dilate, promoting better blood circulation, and the heat produced helps to get rid of body toxins and metabolic wastes through sweating.

. . . If there was a way to increase bodily energy, lose weight, decrease stress, detoxify the body and purify the skin while elevating the immune system to fight off everything from the common cold, circulation, asthma, bronchitis and other respiratory conditions to serious life quality threatening illnesses, what would it be worth?

. . . Activated by heat, the FIR material emits FIR energy that is absorbed by human cells, causing a physical phenomenon called "RESONANCE". Thus, the cellular activities are instantly invigorated, resulting in better blood circulation and an overall improved metabolism.

FIR heat therapy can aid in weight loss by speeding metabolic processes of vital organs and endocrine glands resulting in a substantial caloric loss in a heat session.

It also increases heart rate and blood circulation, both crucial to maintaining one's health. The heart rate increases as more blood flow is diverted from the inner organs towards the extremities of the skin without heightening blood pressure.

. . . In a case of injury, heat stimulates vasodilatation of peripheral blood vessels, bringing oxygen to joints and extremities, relaxation of stiff muscles, speeding the healing of sprains and strains. The increased blood flow helps aching and injured muscles recover faster because of the stronger blood flow and the quicker metabolic and toxic waste productions purged from the body through the skin during perspiration.

. . . Far Infrared lamps are actively used for medical treatments by Doctors, Chiropractors, Acupuncturists, Physical Therapists, Massage Therapists for: arthritis, joint pain, stiff muscles, injuries to tendons and ligaments to promote a faster self-body healing effect.

Infrared heat is "RADIANT" heat. Radiant heat is simply a form of energy that heats objects directly through a process called conversions without heaving to heat the air in between.
Wooden saunas are now being sold that utilize this scientific understanding. For example, here is an excerpt from an explanatory article, "Health Benefits of A Far Infrared Sauna," from one such product:

The Ultimate Tool For Advanced Health Benefits


* Strengthens the cardiovascular system with deep Far Infrared penetration (up to 1.5").


* Far Infrared sauna detoxifies heavy metals, hydrocarbon residues, alcohol, nicotine, sodium and cholesterol.


* Helps purify fat cells, burns calories and controls weight. Improves and clears cellulite. Most effective way in burning calories. Burns up to 500 calories in one full session.


* Effective for treating sprains, muscle spasms and joint stiffness; relieves aches and pains.


* Improves your immune system by sweating at a lower more comfortable temperature than a conventional hot sauna.


* Increases overall health and resistance to disease.


* Sharpens senses and relieves stress, leaving you feeling refreshed and rejuvenated.


* Improves skin within a few minutes. Helps scars and burns. Acne, psoriasis and eczema conditions will also improve.


* This sauna stimulates endorphins of the brain and kills organisms like bacteria and parasites.


* The Far Infrared sauna's energy penetrates deeply into the body producing a warming, relaxing and detoxifying effect.
The Wikipedia article, "Infrared Sauna" is very helpful for an introduction to this exciting, increasingly-understood concept. It states:

Infrared radiation heats the skin directly without warming the air. In infrared saunas, a heater produces this radiant energy, which is similar to the heat from the sun. Most of these heaters draw on technology developed in 1965 by Dr. Tadashi Ishikawa, a member of the Research and Development Department of Fuji Medical.


Infrared sauna promoters state that infrared radiant heat is safe and beneficial, claiming that the heat penetrates more than 1.5 inches into the body. They claim this heals and stimulates tissues, and that it is effective therapy for arthritis and tissue injuries. Promoters claim that using infrared saunas allows one to achieve health benefits similar to those from a conventional steam sauna or sweat.


Dr. Sherry Rogers, a fellow of the American College of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology and a diplomate of the American Academy of Environmental Medicine, says in her book Detoxify or Die [see amazon book page] that an infrared sauna is the only way of removing man-made toxins from your body.
"Research on Far Infrared Rays," by Dr. Aaron M. Flickstein, from the MagMed website, offers a goldmine of information:
It has been found that the infrared sauna makes it possible for people in wheelchairs, those who are otherwise unable to exert themselves, and those who won't follow an exercising/conditioning program to achieve a cardiovascular training effect. It also allows for more variety in any ongoing training program.

Blood flow during whole-body hyperthermia is reported to rise from a normal five to seven quarts a minute to as many as 13 quarts a minute.

Due to the deep penetration of infrared rays (over one and a half inches into body tissue), there is a deep heating effect in the muscle tissue and internal organs. The body responds to this heat with a hypothalamic-induced increase in both heart volume and rate. Beneficial heart stress leads to a sought-after cardiovascular training and conditioning effect. Medical research confirms the use of a sauna provides cardiovascular conditioning as the body works to cool itself and involves substantial increases in heart rate, cardiac output, and metabolic rate. As a confirmation of the validity of this form of cardiovascular conditioning, extensive research by NASA in the early 1980's led to the conclusion that infrared stimulation of cardiovascular function would be the ideal way to maintain cardiovascular conditioning in American astronauts during long space flights.

[he also cites an article to the same effect in the August 7, 1981 issue of the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) ].

. . . Dr. Tadashi Ishikawa, a member of the Research and Development Department of Fuji Medical, received a patent in 1965 for a zirconia ceramic infrared heater used in the first healing infrared thermal systems [Note: the SG-2000 spa utilizes a ceramic mat]. Medical practitioners in Japan were the only ones using infrared thermal systems for 14 years. In 1979, they were finally released for public use. The technique has been further refined into infrared thermal systems that have been sold in the United States since 1981. One use of infrared heat in the United States has been in the form of panels used in hospital nurseries to warm newborns. . . .

Effects of Infrared Heat on Rheumatoid Arthritis

A case study reported in Sweden worked with a 70-year-old man who had rheumatoid arthritis secondary to acute rheumatic fever. He had reached his toxic limit of gold injections and his Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) was still 125. After using an infrared heat system for less than five months, his ESR was down to 11.

The rheumatologist worked with a 14-year-old Swedish girl who had difficulty walking downstairs due to knee pain from the age of eight. This therapist told her mother the girl would be in a wheelchair within two years if she didn't begin gold corticosteroid therapy. After three infrared sauna treatments, she began to become more agile and subsequently took up folk dancing without the aid of conventional approaches in her recovery.

A clinical trial in Japan reported a successful solution for seven out of seven cases of rheumatoid arthritis treated with whole-body infrared therapy.

These case studies and clinical trials indicate that further study is warranted for the use of whole-body infrared therapy in the care of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. . . .

Chinese Studies Report Positive Effects of Infrared Heat

Researchers report over 90 percent success in a summary of Chinese studies that assessed the effects of infrared heat therapy on:

* Soft tissue injury
* Lumbar strain
* Periarthritis of the shoulder
* Sciatica
* Pain during menstruation
* Neurodermatitis
* Eczema with infection
* Post-surgical infections
* Facial paralysis (Bell's Palsy)
* Diarrhoea
* Cholecystitis
* Neurasthenia
* Pelvic infection
* Paediatric pneumonia
* Tinea
* Frostbite with inflammation

Japanese Studies on the Positive Effects of Infrared Heat

* As reported in Infrared Therapy by Dr. Yamajaki, Japanese researchers have produced the following provocative results with whole-body infrared heat:
* Burns (relieves pain and decreases healing time with less scarring) High blood pressure (safe in 40 to 50 degrees Celsius, 104 to 122 degrees Fahrenheit, regular use helps lower pressure)
* Low blood pressure (sauna trains the body to raise the pressure)
* Brain damage (accelerated repair in brain contusions) Short-term memory loss (improved)
* Cancer of the tongue (improved)
* Toxic electromagnetic fields (effects neutralized)
* Cerebral haemorrhage (speeds and significantly enhances recovery)
* Arthritis, acute and chronic (greatly relieved)
* Gouty arthritis (relieved)
* Rheumatoid Arthritis (relieved)
* Menopausal symptoms (relieved chills, nervousness, depression, dizziness, head- and stomach-aches)
* Weight loss (produced through sweating, the energy expended to produce sweating, and through direct excretion of fat)
* Auto accident-related soft tissue injury (daily sessions used until best healing attained, then used to deal with permanent residuals; pain control for chronic residuals lasted three days before another treatment was necessary)

[see the article for many more conditions helped by infrared rays]

What are the benefits of a FIR?
An article in German Medical Science explains the general health benefits to cells, of infrared rays:
Infrared A, especially water-filtered infrared A, is able to increase tissue temperature, tissue perfusion and tissue oxygen partial pressure . . .: these three thermal effects are prerequisites of a high energy production in tissue and can therefore improve energy dependent immunologic reactions. Beside this, wavelengths within infrared A, especially near to visible light (approximately 780-1000 nm), have been shown to stimulate cells in a positive manner even with very low irradiation intensities (below intensities with thermal effects).
There is direct scientific evidence for infrared radiation having a positive effect on human cells. Here is one article along those lines: Effect of emitted bioenergy on biochemical functions of cells, Am J Chin Med. 1991;19(3-4):285-92: "The results could be attributed to the effects of emitted 'Qi' or energy containing infrared light (wave) and possibly some other types of energy."

Another article by researcher S. Tsuyoshi Ohnishi (with Tomoko Ohnishi) in Evid Based Complement Alternat Med.( 2006 June; 3(2): 191-200) offers similar insight into the Ki [or Qi] / infrared radiation connection, and the larger synthesis of Traditional Chinese Medicine and western science and medicine:

"The Nishino Breathing Method and Ki-energy (Life-energy): A Challenge to Traditional Scientific Thinking":
We found that Nishino's Ki-energy can inhibit cell division of cancer cells, protect isolated mitochondria from heat deterioration and reduce lipid peroxidation in heat-treated mitochondria. Although Ki-energy may consist of several different energy forms, we found that at least one of them is near-infrared radiation between the wavelength range of 0.8 and 2.7 [micrometers].

. . . As to the nature of Ki, Chinese and Japanese scientists have already reported that it involves infrared radiation (8,10-12). It was also reported that other forms of energy may be involved in Ki which include electromagnetic waves, electrostatic energy, magnetic energy and low frequency sound waves (8,12,13). In our cultured cancer cell study (3), we proposed that infrared radiation may be a component of Ki. In our mitochondrial study, we used visible range filters (360-760 nm) and near-infrared range filters (from 0.8 to 2.7 [micrometers]) to demonstrate that at least near-infrared radiation was involved in the observed Ki-effect (7). In preparing for this Review article, we tested whether near-infrared radiation was also involved in the Taiki-practice.

. . . Unfortunately, these techniques are not well accepted as a branch of today's main-stream sciences, especially in the Western hemisphere. Many people consider them as folk medicine. Some people believe that they are 'supernatural' and 'para-psychological' phenomena. Only a limited number of investigators have been studying them as the object of scientific, medical investigation for the past 30 years.

In this article, we emphasized that Ki (which any individual could learn and develop through the Nishino Breathing Method and the Taiki-practice) is not supernatural.

Although we do not know how infrared radiation can trigger such a change in cellular systems, we could speculate on a possibility. Most bending and stretching vibrations of many chemical bonds can be identified by absorption spectroscopy in a mid-infrared range (2.5-50 [micrometers] ) (Table 1). The overtones (1st harmonics with 1/2 wavelength and 2nd harmonics with 1/3 wavelength) of these vibrations fall in the near-infrared range. Therefore, it is possible that a particular frequency of Ki may modulate the vibration of a chemical bond of an enzyme in such a way that it affects its enzymatic activity. If this happens, the microscopic change may be multiplied by the cascading nature of the signal transduction mechanism and result in an observable macroscopic change.
Many of the findings are a strange read indeed for a westerner, steeped in science, but this is unquestionably a scientific study in a reputable journal (and listed in Pub Med Central). It shows a verifiable positive effect on cells, from infrared radiation.
Further Resources
1) Far Infared Radiation (FIR) and Health.

2) Far Infrared Medical Facts Research from Japan

3) Up to date information about Far Infrared Rays (FIR)

4) Understanding Far Infrared Technology

5) How Infrared Works (MagMed)

6) Testimonials of improved health due to far-infrared saunas

7) Benefits of far-infrared saunas

8) Far Infrared Smarty Sauna for Detox Benefits

9) Testimonials from Smarty Far Infrared Sauna Wellness Users

10) FAQ on Far-Infrared Radiation

11) Far Infrared Facts Page

12) Far Infrared Radiation: Various Medical Uses and successes

13) Baibekov, I.M., et al., 1994, The effects of low intensity infrared laser radiation on healing of dermatological wounds, Bull Eksp Biol Med., 119(2)(Feb):218-24.

14) Danno, K. and N. Sugie, 1996, Effects of near-infrared radiation on the epidermal proliferation and cutaneous immune function in mice, Photodermal Photoimmuniol Photomed, 12(6)(Dec):233 6.

15) Dritschilo, A., et al., 1981, Therapeutic implication of heat as related to radiation therapy, Semin Oncol., 8(1)(March):83-91.

16) Ernst, E., P. Wirz, T. Saradeth, 1990, Regular sauna bathing and the incidence of common colds, Ann Med., 22(4):225-7.

17) Honda, K. and S. Inoue, 1988, Sleep-enhancing effects of far infrared radiation in rats, Int J Biometeorol., 32(2)(June):92-4.

18) Ikeda, Y. and C. Tei, 2002, Effect of repeated sauna therapy on survival of TO-2 cardiomyopathic hampsters with heart failure, Am J Cardiology, 90(Aug 1):343-345.

19) Inoue, S. and M. Kabaya, 1989, Biological activities caused by far infrared radiation, Int J Biometeorol, 33(3)(Oct):145-50.

20) Ise, N., T. Katsuura, Y. Kikuchi and E. Miwa, 1987, Effect of far-infrared radiation on forearm skin blood flow, Ann Physiol Anthropol., 6(1)(Jan):31-32.

21) Kaidbey, K.H., et al., 1982, The influence of infrared radiation on short-term ultraviolet radiation-induced injuries, Arch Dermatol., 118(5)(May):315-18.

22) Kukkonen-Jarjula, K., and K. Jkauppinen, 1998, How the sauna affects the endocrine system, Ann Clin Res., 20(4):262-6.

23) Marmor, J.B.,et al., 1980, Combined radiation and hyperthermia in superficial human tumors, Cancer, 46(9)(Nov 1):1986-91.

24) Niwa, Y., O. Lizawa, K. Ishimoto, X. Jiang, T, Kanoh, 1993, Electromagnetic wave emitting products and ?Kikoh? potentiate human leukocyte functions, Int J Biometeorol., 37(5)(Sept):133 8.

25) Oosterveld, F.G.J., J.J. Rasker, M.A.F. Van de Laar, and G.J. Koel, Clinical effects of infrared whole-body hyperthermia in patients with rheumatic diseases, Departments of Rheumatology and Physiotherapy, Metisch Spectrum Twente and Univeristy Twente Enschede, PO Box 50000, 7500 KA Eschede, The Netherlands.

26) Sealre, A.J., 1982, Effects of the sauna, JAMA, 247(1)(Jan 1):28.

27) Tei, C., Y, Horikiri, J.C. Park, J.W. Jeong, R.S. Chang, Y. Toyama, N. Tanaka, 1994, Effects of hot water bath or sauna on patients with congestive heart failure: acute hemodynamic improvement by thermal vasodilation, J Cardiol., 24(3)(May-June):175-83.

28) Wyss, V., 1966, On the effects of radiant heat on different regions of the human body. Behavior of cardiocirculatory and respiratory activity, oxygen consumption, oral and skin temperature during infrared radiation of different areas in acclimatized and non-acclimatized subjects, Med Lav., 57(4)(April):262-85.

electromegnetic spectrum
The electromagnetic spectrum (note: 10-7m = 100 nm).(from the web page Photons Incoming!)


Complete Series


I. Introduction








For further information on purchasing the SG-2000 home spa, and business opportunities as a distributor, contact: 

Matthew Tan Kim Huat:

[ Facebook page ]

[ e-mail: matthewtankimhuat [at] gmail [dot] com ]


***
Posted by w444yu

Hydrotherapeutic Spa, Part IV: Anions / Negative Ions / Ozone

Crater Lake, Oregon


Ever wonder why the air smells so fresh after a thunderstorm? It's because lightning generates ozone and anions (pronounced "an-eye-on"); also known as negative ions. A negatively charged ion has extra electrons. Anions are great for health, and lots are present in places like mountains, waterfalls, and beaches. The SG-2000 produces one million ozone-laden (O3, or "heavy oxygen") air bubbles per minute (or 46 liters [12 US gallons] of ozone anion-laden air thrust out of the mat through small holes every second; 0.03-0.05 ppm: the German FDA standard) and rapidly improves the quality of the bath water and surrounding air in the room.

Ozone is a quick-acting decontaminant and kills bacteria (it's even used by hospitals to decontaminate operating rooms). Its antiseptic powers are 3000 times better than chlorine; it breaks down toxins. An ozone bath boosts the oxygen utilization rate in human tissues and activates the cells of the body (which in turn helps to prevent cancer).

* * * * *




The WebMD website featured an article on 6 May 2002, entitled "Negative Ions Create Positive Vibes," by Denise Mann, and reviewed by the highly credentialed physician Dr. Brunilda Nazario. Here are some excerpts:
. . . Negative ions are odorless, tasteless, and invisible molecules that we inhale in abundance in certain environments. . . . Once they reach our bloodstream, negative ions are believed to produce biochemical reactions that increase levels of the mood chemical serotonin, helping to alleviate depression, relieve stress, and boost our daytime energy.


. . . Ions are molecules that have gained or lost an electrical charge. . They are created in nature as air molecules break apart due to sunlight, radiation, and moving air and water. You may have experienced the power of negative ions when you last set foot on the beach or walked beneath a waterfall. While part of the euphoria is simply being around these wondrous settings and away from the normal pressures of home and work, the air circulating in the mountains and the beach is said to contain tens of thousands of negative ions - much more than the average home or office building, which contain dozens or hundreds, and many register a flat zero.


"The action of the pounding surf creates negative air ions and we also see it immediately after spring thunderstorms when people report lightened moods," says ion researcher Michael Terman, PhD, of Columbia University in New York.


In fact, Columbia University studies of people with winter and chronic depression show that negative ion generators relieve depression as much as antidepressants.


. . . Generally speaking, negative ions increase the flow of oxygen to the brain; resulting in higher alertness, decreased drowsiness, and more mental energy," says Pierce J. Howard, PhD, author of The Owners Manual for the Brain: Everyday Applications from Mind Brain Research and director of research at the Center for Applied Cognitive Sciences in Charlotte, N.C.


"They also may protect against germs in the air, resulting in decreased irritation due to inhaling various particles that make you sneeze, cough, or have a throat irritation."
[the article also states that air conditioners and computer monitors emit positive ions]

Peak Pure Air, an air purification company endorsed by the Better Business Bureau, offers a lot of fascinating related information in its web page on negative ions and ozone:

[I]n healthy outdoor environments such as in the mountains, or in a country meadow, the negative ion concentration is typically 2000 to 4000 negative ions per cubic centimeter. By contrast, the negative ion concentration in an unhealthy place, such as on congested L.A. freeways, is less than 100 negative ions per cubic cm. The negative ion concentration in most indoor environments is between 100 and 200 negative ions per cubic cm. In extremely healthy and invigorating environments, such as near a large waterfall, the negative ion level is around 1,000,000 per cubic cm. . . .


The ozone level in healthy outdoor environments is typically between 0.02 ppm (parts per million) and 0.04 ppm, which is the ozone level produced by Surround Air Ionizer purifiers. In most unhealthy indoor environments, the ozone level is virtually zero.


. . . the EPA advises us that indoor air pollution is the nation's worst environmental health problem, even 2 to 10 times as bad as outdoor air pollution. In addition, most people spend well over 90% of their time inside, making clean indoor air even more important for our health.


. . . [Negative ions are] approved by the U.S. FDA (Food & Drug Admin.) as an . . . allergy treatment. . . .


Other Negative Ion Benefits


Asthma, Allergies, and other Respiratory Problems and Illnesses. Many scientific studies have been conducted over the years (mostly in Europe and Russia) showing how exposure to high levels of negative ions drastically or significantly reduce asthma and allergy symptoms, as well as respiratory-related illness.


Migraine Headaches. Inhaling negative ions prevents the production of Serotonin inside the brain. The overproduction of Serotonin inside the brain is the cause of migraine headaches.


Depression. A study at Columbia University suggested that negative ion treatment is more effective than anti-depressant drugs such as Prozac and Zolof, and there are no side effects with negative ions.


Fatigue. The production of Serotonin (chemical produced inside the brain) also causes fatigue, and negative ions prevent the production of Serotonin inside the brain.


Sleep. A study in France found that negative ionizers helped people to sleep better, by preventing the production of the chemical Serotonin in the brain.


Mental Performance and Concentration. Several tests have shown people exposed to negative ion treatment perform much better in mentally-oriented activities than those who are not.


Physical Performance. Due to test results performed by Russian scientists, negative ionizers were always installed in the locker rooms and resting places for the Russian athletes.


Burns. Studies performed in one hospital found that burn patients were far more likely to recover more quickly and thoroughly. . . .


Effectiveness of Ozone at Low Levels


Russian scientists performed a study to see how effective ozone was at improving indoor air quality in schools. Respiratory-related illnesses were drastically improved after the ozone systems were installed. The ozone concentration produced by the systems were 0.015 ppm (parts per million).


In testing performed by two scientists by the name of Elford and Van den Ende, it was found that ozone effectively destroyed bacteria at 0.04 ppm.


Many publications have published studies showing the effectiveness of lower concentrations ozone (0.01 to 0.03 ppm) at removing odors and pollutants. Some of these include the Refrigeration Service Engineers Society (RSES), U.S. Air Force technical publications, and Manufacturing Chemist.
The Applied Ozone Systems website provides very extensive information. One particularly fascinating and educational page is Medical Ozone Oxygen Therapy References, which provides a host of scientific / medical studies backing up the claims of medicinal and therapeutic utility of proper levels of ozone. Here are some examples (see the link itself for many more):

* * * There are over 3,000 references in the German literature showing it safe, successful use in over 50 years of application to humans during millions of dosages.


* * * 1980 August 22nd Sweet F, Kao M S, Lee S. (Dept of obstetrics and Gynecology, WA. Univ. School of Medicine, St Louis) and W. Hagar (St Louis Air Pollution Control) publish in, Science Vol 209: 931-933, a U.S. peer reviewed scientific journal, their study: "Ozone Selectively Inhibits Human Cancer Cell Growth."


* * * 1991 October 1, The peer reviewed Journal of the American Society of Hematology published the ozone\HIV work of M.D. Wells, Latino, Galvachin, and Poiesz. Their article: "Inactivation Of HIV Type 1 by O3 In Vitro" appears in Blood Journal, Volume 78 Number 7, October 11, 1991, page 1882 describ[es] the research coordinated by Dr. Bernard Poiesz from Syracuse State Univ. of NY Research Hospital.


They performed 15 replications of a study that interfaced it with HIV infected factor 8 blood. It completely removed the HIV virus 97 to 100 percent of the time, yet was non-toxic to normal blood components. Ed McCabe announced this study back in 1988, in his Oxygen Therapies book.
See also 126 sources on the web page Ozone Research References. The Medical Society for the Use of Ozone in Prevention and Therapy in Germany is part of the European Cooperation of Medical Ozone Societies. It summarizes the current state of knowledge in scientific ozone studies (with regard to medical application):

* activates cellular metabolism,
* modulates the immune system,
* regulates the antioxidative capacity of the biological system.


The activation of immunocompetent cells


results in the physiological release of cytokins (interferones, interleukins)


Indications: diseases accompanied by a immune deficiency
As additional / complementary therapy for various types of cancer


Activated red blood cells (RBCs)


(increase in ATP and 2,3-DPG-Anstieg) thanks to a reduction in Hb-O2-affinity, this facilitates the transfer of transported oxygen to the tissue


Indications: Peripheral and cerebral arterial circulatory disorders


Enzymatc antioxidants and radical scavengers


(SOD, catalase, glutathion peroxidase and reductase...) are induced and activated, thus increasing the organism´s antioxidative capacity.


Indications: Inflammatory processes such as e.g. arthritis, reaktivated arthroses; strained muscles, myogelosis, trigger points; vascular diseases, aging processes.
See also the very helpful summary-table: Therapeutic Uses Indications. Detailed treatment aspects for many diseases are found on the page Information For Patients.

E. G. Beck, G. Wasser, R. Viebahn-Hänsler, published a very helpful article, entitled, "The Current Status of Ozone Therapy Empirical Developments and Basic Research", Research in Complementary Medicine [Forschende Komplementarmedizin], 1998; 5: 61-75 [complete PDF file: 30 pages]. They state (pp. 4, 24):
It therefore goes without saying that any responsible decision to apply ozone must be made against the background of scientifically founded knowledge. On the other hand, a rejection of the method by stereotypically repeating that the case in hand has not yet been confirmed by randomised, double blind clinical trials, is of no further help. Obviously, a treatment method used in private clinics has no financially powerful pharmaceutical industry to support it by contracting clinical studies demonstrating the efficacy of medical ozone under controlled conditions in a qualified design framemork and involving large patient populations.

. . . the negative assessment of ozone therapy and its subsequent image are based on unscientific statements in public media and scientific press showing a lack of proper information, together with the reasons against it expressed by the Medical Service of the health insurance organisations. The critical attitude shown by the representatives of conventional, official medicine towards ozone therapy can, for the most part, be explained as being a result of this.
This is often the case with regard to many alternative health and medicine practices and treatments (what else is new?). I fully agree with the authors that science out to be brought to bear, while at the same time, one must extend understanding of the handicaps of small, non-wealthy alternative practices and have an open mind to be able to see what positive results have already been achieved (the conventional medical establishment - for all its gladly-acknowledged successes and triumphs in many areas of medicine (especially surgical) - is notorious for having a closed mind against anything "alternative" that threatens its overwhelming dominance). There is existing evidence here that cannot easily be discounted.

Among many technical medical descriptions, the authors, for example, summarize the benefits of ozone (p. 21):
Ozone therapy is a non-specific form of therapy which, on the one hand, is able to set off a metabolic, self-regulatory cascade and, on the other hand, induce immunomodulation in the form of a general, physiological protection mechanism.
The authors come to another familiar conclusion in this classic example of a case where the overly-skeptical, extremely powerful medical establishment clashes with effective alternative treatments (to the detriment of patients in need of quick assistance):
Not to recommend ozone therapy for the time being would mean, in spite of all the criticism arising due to the incidents that have occurred, giving no importance either to the experience gained from decades of successful use, or to the large number of positive results from recent basic research. If we were here to wait until financially almost impossible, large-scale clinical studies were to confirm an efficacy we can already observe in reality, this would also mean not providing the many patients seeking help with a highly tolerant and low-risk, economic and in many cases promising (complementary) therapy form.

(p. 25)
The article ends with 72 footnotes of further sources.
Ozone in Medicine: Overview and Future Directions, is a comprehensive review by Gerard V. Sunnen, M.D. Excerpts:
Balneotherapy

Ozonated water bubbled in warm baths, provides stimulation of local circulation and disinfectant action to varicosities, peripheral circulatory disorders and dermatological conditions (eczema, ulcers).

. . . Although the inhibitory and lethal effects of ozone on pathogenic organisms have been observed since the latter part of the 19th century, the mechanisms for these actions have not yet been satisfactorily elucidated. Ozone is a strong germicide needing only a few micrograms per liter for measurable action. At a concentration of 1 g/m3 H2O at 1C, ozone rapidly inactivates coliform bacteria, staphylococcus aureus and Aeromonas hydrophilia.[44]

. . . The inactivation rate of enteroviruses[45] is more rapid than for E. coli, takes place in relatively small concentrations of ozone, and is influenced by pH, temperature, and the presence of ambient organic compounds.

In those clinical applications which make use of external (or body cavity) application of ozone, it can be appreciated that in view of the fact that a direct ozone-organism contact exists, inactivation of micro-organisms, bacteria, viruses or fungi, proceeds by any one of a variety of different mechanisms. The treatment of burns, superficial mycotic infection, decubitus ulcers and abscesses is applied by this method. Theoretical issues present themselves, however, when examining treatment strategies aimed at systemic infections, notably viral afflictions which make use of introducing ozone-oxygen mixtures into the bloodstream (usually major AHT). The ozone-treated aliquot of blood which is reported to be rendered viral-free through direct contact with ozone and ozone peroxides,[5] is reintroduced into the circulation. Since very little free ozone remains in solution due to its high reactivity, it is its products mainly lipid compounds, possibly others which are thought to interact with circulating as well as tissue-bound virions, thus inactivating them.

Within the dose ranges prescribed (up to 10 mg (O3/100 ml of blood), we may be curious to measure this overflow antiviral capacity. Although unproven to be outright curative for any viral illness, ozone blood treatment, as reported in several studies[21,31,55] may lessen clinical severity or duration. Thus therapeutic benefits have been noted in hepatitis, acute and chronic, and herpes.[55] In chronic viral infections Cytomegalic, Epstein-Barr and Retroviridae (AIDS) among others blood ozonation performed in viremic cycles or in periods of clinical exacerbation may, through direct action, through the production of cofactors inhibitory to viral replication, or through modification of immune function, be used in inducing viral quiescence. Ozone is reported to be an immuno-stimulant in low doses and immuno-inhibitory at higher levels.[15,26,27]

It is not inconceivable, in view of the possibilities given to ozone's antiviral properties that new generations of machines may be developed to test the therapeutic potential of the extra-corporeal treatment of circulating blood. . . .

Ozone Treatment in Cancer

The logic sustaining the use of oxygen-ozone application to the treatment of carcinomas rests on the strategy of capitalizing on the disturbed metabolism of cancer cells. Since the first bio-chemical hypothesis of cancer was proposed by Warburg[56] in 1925; that all tumors have higher rates of glycolysis under aerobic conditions than do nontumor cells, efforts have been made to find the variations which could best affect treatment strategy. Although his statement has subsequently been amended considerably, there is a massive and evolving body of research centering on biochemical differences between normal and malignant cells.[57]

. . . ozone may induce metabolic inhibition in some carcinomas.

In one study,[58] cultured cells of different carcinoma types were compared with non-cancerous human lung fibroblasts on exposure to ozonated air (0.3, 0.5, and 0.8 ppm of O3 for 8 days). Alveolar (lung) adenocarcinoma, breast adenocarcinoma, uterine carcinosarcoma and endometrial carcinoma showed 40% cell growth inhibition at 0.3 ppm and 60% at 0.5 ppm. The non-cancerous lung cells were unaffected at these levels. In 0.8 ppm exposure, cancer cell growth inhibition was 90%. Interestingly, it was at this level that the control cell group started to manifest anabolic slowdown (50%). The authors postulate that cancer cells are less able to compensate for the oxidative challenge of ozone than normal cells, possibly by way of a less functional glutathione system.

There are many clinical and anecdotal reports,[21,25,27,59] of ozone major or minor autotherapy, at times prescribed on a daily basis for several weeks applied to the treatment of various carcinomatous conditions but with a paucity of controlled data. Several researchers have focused their efforts on using ozone as an adjunct to radiation or chemotherapy.

. . . A review of a large body of literature is presented which describes a spectrum of therapeutic indications. Of these, ozone application for superficial infection, burns, dental and intestinal conditions, and possibly circulatory problems seem to be the most promising. As regards blood ozonation, further research is indicated to delineate the nature of its dynamics and the extent of its effectiveness in (1) the identification of the galaxy of compounds formed in this process which, in view of doses administered, by all evidence, have metabolic, immunological, endocrine and possibly neurological effects; (2) the purification of blood or blood components for transfusion purposes; (3) the inhibition of carcinomas with reference to the types which may be the most susceptible and to its use as an adjunct to radiation or chemotherapy; and (4) the inactivation or the repression of viral diseases with special attention to chronic conditions of the Herpes or Retroviridae (HIV) families.
Further Sources

1) Protective effect of ozone treatment on the injury associated with hepatic ischemia-reperfusion: Antioxidant-prooxidant balance, C. Peralts et al, Free Radical Research, Vol. 31, No. 3 / 1999 [abstract].

2) "Minimally Invasive Oxygen-Ozone Therapy for Lumbar Disk Herniation," by Cosma F. Andreula et al, American Journal of Neuroradiology 24:996-1000, May 2003 [full text].

3) The utilization of ozone for external medical applications, Gerard V. Sunnen, M.D., 1998.

4) Books on ozone therapy.

5) Oxytech Research (includes page on Benefits of Ozone Steam Sauna).

6) Why do doctors use treatments that do not work?, Jenny Doust & Chris Del Mar, British Medical Journal, 2004;328:474-475 (28 February).

7) Ozone University.com

8) Ozone, A Medical Breakthrough? , by Geoff Rogers. This is an investigative documentary video, featuring interviews with patients, doctors, including Academy Award nominated Nick Nolte, as well as top experts and representatives from U.S. Food and Drug Administration and the (NIH) National Institutes of Health. Narrated by Will Lyman (PBS Frontline).

9) Medical Ozone Therapy, by Stanley Beyrle, N.M.D. (Naturopathic Medical Doctor).

Medical ozone is accepted by the overwhelming majority of all German educated physicians and doctors. Most water purification in Germany is through ozone, and we are beginning to use it now to purify water in the United States. Ozone is a bleaching agent, a deodorant and a disinfectant; it is virucidal and bactericidal. If it can kill viruses and bacteria when used industrially, why can't we use it in medicine, and apply it to human function? Because it is inexpensive and the drug companies don't want it. There is no money in it for them.


. . . Ozone oxidizes the cells of the body systemically. It stimulates enzymes and phagocytes, the white blood cells which chew up the debris, the viruses and the bacteria in the blood. It activates alpha interferon, gamma interferon, interleuken II and tumour necrosis factor. Ozone is specific for pathogenic cells and does not hurt the good cells. With red blood cells, it increases the cascade of events that eventually frees oxygen from the hemoglobin molecule so that oxygen is released. It is effective with hepatitis B. We have not had one hepatitis patient that we haven't had success with. We use more than just ozone, but ozone is a major part of it. For pathological conditions produced by viruses like herpes, hepatitis, AIDS and cancer, we use 38-42 ug/ml.
10) What is Ozone Therapy? (The Dove Clinic for Integrated Medicine).

11) Oxygen/Ozone Therapy (Encyclopedia of Alternative Medicine).

12) Ed McCabe ("Mr. Oxygen") website.

13) The Story of Ozone (large compilation of articles by Osmo Joronen).

14) Ozone (Lifestyles Therapeutics).

15) Oxygen Healing Therapies website.

16) Ozone Stimulation website.

17) Ozone Therapy (hyper-linked index of collected papers).

18) The Oxygen and Oxidative Therapies: broad utility in treating chronic degenerative disease and in anti-aging, Eric Chan.


19) What is Oxygen therapy and Ozone therapy? (Healthy Christian Living: Alternative Solutions for a Healthy Christian Lifestyle).


20) About Negative Ions (Comtech Research)


21) Ions Can Do Strange Things To You, Robert O'Brian.

22) Negative Ions: Vitamins of the Air?, Jim Karnstedt and Don Strachan.

23) Asthma and Ions: Advanced Research on Atmospheric Ions and Respiratory Problems, Guy Cramer, Sept. 2, 1996.

24) Treatment of seasonal affective disorder with a high-output negative ionizer, by Terman M, Terman JS. Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA. J Altern Complement Med 1995 Jan;1(1):87-92:
Abstract:


This study was designed to evaluate the antidepressant effect of negative ions in the ambient air as a potential treatment modality for seasonal affective disorder. Twenty-five subjects with winter depression underwent a double-blind controlled trial of negative ions at two exposure densities, 1 x 10(4) ions/cm3 or 2.7 x 10(6) ions/cm3, using an electronic negative ion generator with wire corona emitters. Home treatments were taken in the early morning for 30 min over 20 days, followed by withdrawals. The severity of depressive symptoms (prominently including the reverse neurovegetative symptoms of hypersomnia, hyperphagia, and fatigability) decreased selectively for the group receiving high-density treatment. Standard depression rating scale assessments were corroborated by clinical impressions. When a remission criterion of 50% or greater reduction in symptom frequency/severity was used, 58% of subjects responded to high-density treatment while 15% responded to low-density treatment (chi 2 = 5.00, df = 1, p = 0.025). There were no side effects attributable to the treatment, and all subjects who responded showed subsequent relapse during withdrawal. Treatment with a high-density negative ionizer appears to act as a specific antidepressant for patients with seasonal affective disorder. The method may be useful as an alternative or supplement to light therapy and medications.
25) Scientific Study Summaries of Negative Ion Air Purifiers.

26) Negative Ions Information Center.

27) Negative Ions and Ozone: Myths vs. Facts.



For further information on purchasing the SG-2000 home spa, and business opportunities as a distributor, contact: 

Matthew Tan Kim Huat:

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Hydrotherapeutic Spa, Part III: Ultrasonic Wave Energy / Cavitation

Credit: Carsten Clasohm, Kruger National Park, South Africa, 22 March 2006

The specific process that occurs with the air bubbles flowing through bath water out of the ceramic mat of the SG-2000, is called "cavitation." The Wikipedia article on this fascinating natural phenomenon explains:
Cavitation is a general term used to describe the behaviour of voids or bubbles in a liquid. Cavitation is usually divided into two classes of behaviour: inertial (or transient) cavitation and non-inertial cavitation. Inertial cavitation is the process where a void or bubble in a liquid rapidly collapses, producing a shock wave.

Inertial cavitation

Inertial cavitation was first studied by Lord Rayleigh in the late 19th century when he considered the collapse of a spherical void within a liquid. When a volume of liquid is subjected to a sufficiently low pressure it may rupture and form a cavity. This phenomenon is termed cavitation inception and may occur behind the blade of a rapidly rotating propeller or on any surface vibrating underwater with sufficient amplitude and acceleration. Other ways of generating cavitation voids involve the local deposition of energy such as an intense focussed laser pulse (optic cavitation) or with an electrical discharge through a spark. Vapour gasses evaporate into the cavity from the surrounding medium, thus the cavity is not a perfect vacuum but has a relatively low gas pressure. Such a low pressure cavitation bubble in a liquid will begin to collapse due to the higher pressure of the surrounding medium. As the bubble collapses, the pressure and temperature of the vapour within will increase. The bubble will eventually collapse to a minute fraction of its original size, at which point the gas within dissipates into the surrounding liquid via a rather violent mechanism, which releases a significant amount of energy in the form of an acoustic shock-wave and as visible light. At the point of total collapse, the temperature of the vapour within the bubble may be several thousand kelvins, and the pressure several hundred atmospheres.
Inertial cavitation can also occur in the presence of an acoustic field. Microscopic gas bubbles which are generally present in a liquid will be forced to oscillate due to an applied acoustic field. If the acoustic intensity is sufficiently high, the bubbles will first grow in size, and then rapidly collapse. Hence, inertial cavitation can occur even if the rarefraction in the liquid is insufficient for a Rayleigh-like void to occur. Ultrasonic cleaning baths usually utilise the inertial cavitation of microscopic gas bubbles for erosion of dirt from materials.

The physical process of cavitation inception is similar to boiling. The major difference between the two is the thermodynamic paths which precede the formation of the vapour. Boiling is when the local vapor pressure of the liquid rises above its local ambient pressure and sufficient energy is present to cause the phase change to a gas. Cavitation inception occurs when the local pressure falls sufficiently far below the saturated vapour pressure, a value given by the tensile strength of the liquid.


. . . Cavitation can also be a boon in ultrasonic cleaning devices. These devices effect cavitation using sound waves and use the collapse of the cavitation bubbles to clean surfaces.
A more concise definition is offered in the Wikipedia article "Cavitation Heaters":
Cavitation is the phenomenon where small and largely empty cavities are generated in a fluid, which expand to large size and then rapidly collapse. When the cavitation bubbles collapse, they focus liquid energy to very small volumes. Thereby, they create spots of high temperature and emit shock waves. The collapse of cavities involves very high energies.
A book that explains cavitation in extreme scientific detail, is Christopher Earls Brennen's Cavitation and Bubble Dynamics (Oxford University Press, 1995). Here is an example, from Chapter 3: "Cavitation Bubble Collapse":
However, as long as there is some gas present to decelerate the collapse, the primary importance of liquid compressibility is not the effect it has on the bubble dynamics (which is slight) but the role it plays in the formation of shock waves during the rebounding phase that follows collapse. Hickling and Plesset (1964) were the first to make use of numerical solutions of the compressible flow equations to explore the formation of pressure waves or shocks during the rebound phase. Figure 3.2 presents an example of their results for the pressure distributions in the liquid before (left) and after (right) the moment of minimum size. The graph on the right clearly shows the propagation of a pressure pulse or shock away from the bubble following the minimum size. As indicated in that figure, Hickling and Plesset concluded that the pressure pulse exhibits approximately geometric attentuation (like r-1) as it propagates away from the bubble.
For more of the same sort of ultra-technical scientific material from the same author, see: Fundamentals of Multiphase Flow (Cambridge University Press, 2005).

The ultrasonic (or ultrasound) waves created by the cavitation and collapse of the air bubbles are further explained in the Answers.com article, "Ultrasonics":
In the realm of physics, ultrasonics falls under the category of studies in sound. Sound itself fits within the larger heading of wave motion, which is in turn closely related to vibration, or harmonic (back-and-forth) motion. Both wave motion and vibration involve the regular repetition of a certain form of movement; and in both, potential energy (think of the energy in a sled at the top of a hill) is continually converted to kinetic energy (like the energy of a sled as it is sliding down the hill) and back again.

Wave motion carries energy from one place to another without actually moving any matter. Waves themselves may consist of matter, as for instance in the case of a wave on a plucked string or the waves on the ocean. This type of wave is called a mechanical wave, but again, the matter itself does not undergo any net displacement over horizontal space: contrary to what our eyes tell us, molecules of water in an ocean wave move up and down, but they do not actually travel with the wave itself. Only the energy is moved.

. . . Frequency is measured in terms of cycles per second, or Hertz (Hz), named in honor of the nineteenth-century German physicist Heinrich Hertz. If a wave has a frequency of 100 Hz, this means that 100 waves are passing through a given point during the interval of one second. Higher frequencies are expressed in terms of kilohertz (kHz; 103 or 1,000 cycles per second) or megahertz (MHz; 106 or 1 million cycles per second.)

The article, "Principles of Ultrasound in Surgical Applications" explains - in layman's terms - the entire process in the SG-2000 spa: air bubbles collapse, forming ultrasonic waves (that in turn, produce more cavitation, in a violent mutual physical reaction) and the waves penetrate the body, causing internal warming:
Cavitation is the formation and collapse of microscopic vacuum bubbles in a liquid due to sudden pressure differentials. The bubble implodes on itself, instantaneously releasing tremendous amounts of temperature and pressure changes at the point of collapse, resulting in shock waves and strong shearing forces . . . As an ultrasonic wave propagates into tissue, it is absorbed and the energy is converted into heat.
Another article, in Science Daily (10 November 2006), describes something akin to the effects in bathwater of the SG-2000 spa:

Ultrasound in a liquid, just like any sound waves, causes oscillation of expansion and compression of the liquid. If the ultrasound is loud enough, the liquid can be pulled apart transiently forming millions of bubbles, each with a diameter smaller than a shaft of hair. These bubbles grow and contract with each sound wave and if conditions are just right, they can violently implode. These imploding bubbles form shock waves in the liquid, and Suslick previously has shown that these shock waves will drive suspended metal particles into one another at roughly half the speed of sound in the liquid . . . The ultrasonic waves occur 20,000 times a second, creating many high-speed collisions between solid particles . . .
Here is an example of an experimental medical application of ultrasonic shock waves, in technical scientific language:


Pulsed high-energy ultrasound shock waves (PHEUS), similar to those used for clinical lithotripsy, can deposit energy deep in tissue and thereby destroy the microvasculature of solid tumors. We investigated the potential of PHEUS, generated by an electromagnetic shockwave source (19 kV capacitor voltage, 1 Hz pulse frequency), as a local cancer-therapy modality alone and in combination with local tumor hyperthermia (43.5 C, 30 min). Copenhagen rats transplanted with the anaplastic Dunning-prostate-tumor sub-line R3327-AT1 received 1000 PHEUS pulses, which delayed tumor growth by one tumor-doubling time (5 days). Histopathology revealed hemorrhage, disruption of tumor vasculature, and necrosis in the focus of the sound field. Bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR) incorporation was significantly lower in PHEUS-treated tumors than in controls. Dynamic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies using gadolinium-DTPA as contrast agent showed a strong reduction of tumor perfusion after PHEUS treatment, although this effect was partly reversible within 3 days after PHEUS. While hyperthermia alone produced no significant delay in tumor growth, the combination of PHEUS and hyperthermia produced tumor-growth delay by 2 tumor-volume-doubling times. The maximum growth delay was achieved when PHEUS and hyperthermia were separated by 24 hr at the time of maximum perfusion reduction indicated by MRI. Thus, the cytotoxic effect of PHEUS was enhanced by hyperthermia in the anaplastic prostate tumor R3327-AT1 grown on Copenhagen rats in a synergistic manner, due to blood-flow reduction. In conjunction with other agents, such as hyperthermia, PHEUS might become a local cancer-therapy modality in solid tumors accessible to ultrasound.

(Synergistic interaction of ultrasonic shock waves and hyperthermia in the dunning prostate tumor r3327-at1, Peter Huber et al, International Journal of Cancer, Vol. 82, Issue 1 [1999], 84-91)


Similarly, C.A. Speed, in his paper, "Therapeutic ultrasound in soft tissue lesions" (Rheumatology 2001; 40: 1331-1336), examines a host of beneficial effects of ultrasound:

Therapeutic ultrasound is one of the most common treatments used in the management of soft tissue lesions, which constitute the majority of rheumatic complaints.

. . . Ultrasound has since been used to treat a wide variety of disorders, from skin wounds to malignant tumours [2, 3]. It has become one of the most commonly used treatments in the management of soft tissue injuries, and it has been estimated that over a million NHS treatments annually involve its use . . .

. . . Modified forms of ultrasound include phonophoresis and extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT).

. . . Ultrasound may induce thermal and non-thermal physical effects in tissues (Table 3). Non-thermal effects can be achieved with or without thermal effects. Thermal effects of ultrasound upon tissue may include increased blood flow, reduction in muscle spasm, increased extensibility of collagen fibres and a pro-inflammatory response. It is estimated that thermal effects occur with elevation of tissue temperature to 40–45°C for at least 5 min . . .

. . . ultrasound may be used for its thermal effects in order to relieve pain and muscle spasm to increase tissue extensibility, which may be of use in combination with stretching exercises to achieve optimal tissue length [39]. Lengthening with thermal doses of ultrasound has been demonstrated in the ligament of normal knees [40] and in scar tissue [41]. Once the tissue has been heated to an adequate level (considered to be 40–45°C [34]), the opportunity to stretch the tissues lasts for up to 10 min before the tissue cools . . .


Further Sources





3) Ultrasound and thrombolysis, Charles W Francis, Vascular Medicine, Vol. 6, No. 3, 181-187 (2001).

4) Therapeutic Ultrasound in Lower Extremity Wound Management, Christine Uhlemann, MD , The International Journal of Lower Extremity Wounds, Vol. 2, No. 3, 152-157 (2003).

5) The Effects of Low-Intensity Ultrasound on Medial Collateral Ligament Healing in the Rabbit Model, Karen J. Sparrow et al, The American Journal of Sports Medicine 33:1048-1056 (2005).

6) Ultrasound in Somochemistry.

7) Measurements of the High Pressure Ultrasonic Wave and the Cavitation Bubble by the Optodynamic Method, R. Petkovsek et al.




10) Twenty Years of Shock Wave Research at the Institute for Surgical Research,
Michael Delius, European Surgical Research 2002;34:30-36.

11) Shock Wave / Geophysical and Medical Applications, Kazuyoshi Takayama and Tsutomu Saito, Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 36: 347-379 (Volume publication date January 2004).

12) Acoustic Bubble Traps, Reinhard Geisler, Acoustical Society of America
ASA/EAA/DAGA '99 Meeting.

13) Study of low-frequency ultrasonic cavitation fields based on spectral analysis technique, Zhaofeng Liang et al, Ultrasonics, Volume 44, Issue 1 , January 2006, Pages 115-120.

14) Byl NN, McKenzie AL, West JM et al. Low dose ultrasound effect on wound healing: a controlled study with Yucatan pigs. Arch Phys Med Rehab 1992;73:656–64.

15) Shock-wave therapy is effective for chronic calcifying tendinitis of the shoulder, Loew M et al, J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1999 Sep;81(5):863-7.

16) The effects of therapeutic ultrasound on tendon healing. A biomechanical study. Enwemeka CS. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 1990 Oct;69(5):258.


Complete Series


I. Introduction







For further information on purchasing the SG-2000 home spa, and business opportunities as a distributor, contact: 

Matthew Tan Kim Huat:

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Posted by w444yu